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Hibernate一對多(One-to-Many)映射

一對多的映射可以使用一組Java集合不包含任何重複的元素來實現。我們已經看到了如何設置映射集合在Hibernate中,所以如果你已經學會了集合(Set)映射,那麼所有設置可用於一對多的映射。

集合被映射到與映射表中<set>元素,並java.util.HashSet中初始化。您可以使用Set集合在類中,有一個集合中不需要重複的元素。

定義RDBMS表:

考慮一個情況,我們需要員工記錄存儲在EMPLOYEE表,將有以下結構:

create table EMPLOYEE (
   id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
   first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
   last_name  VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
   salary     INT  default NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

此外,假設每個員工都可以有一個或多個與他/她相關的證書。因此,我們將存儲證書的相關信息在一個單獨的表,該表具有以下結構:

create table CERTIFICATE (
   id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
   certificate_name VARCHAR(30) default NULL,
   employee_id INT default NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

將有一個對多EMPLOYEE和證書對象之間的關係:

定義POJO類:

讓我們實現POJO類員工將被用於保存EMPLOYEE表中的對象和有證書的集變量的集合。

import java.util.*;

public class Employee {
   private int id;
   private String firstName; 
   private String lastName;   
   private int salary;
   private Set certificates;

   public Employee() {}
   public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) {
      this.firstName = fname;
      this.lastName = lname;
      this.salary = salary;
   }
   public int getId() {
      return id;
   }
   public void setId( int id ) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   public String getFirstName() {
      return firstName;
   }
   public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
      this.firstName = first_name;
   }
   public String getLastName() {
      return lastName;
   }
   public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
      this.lastName = last_name;
   }
   public int getSalary() {
      return salary;
   }
   public void setSalary( int salary ) {
      this.salary = salary;
   }

   public Set getCertificates() {
      return certificates;
   }
   public void setCertificates( Set certificates ) {
      this.certificates = certificates;
   }
}

現在讓我們定義另一個POJO類對應的表的證書,這樣的證書對象可以存儲和檢索到的證書表。這個類還應該同時實現了equals()和hashCode()方法,使Java可以判斷任意兩個元素/對象是否相同。

public class Certificate {
   private int id;
   private String name; 

   public Certificate() {}
   public Certificate(String name) {
      this.name = name;
   }
   public int getId() {
      return id;
   }
   public void setId( int id ) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   public void setName( String name ) {
      this.name = name;
   }
   public boolean equals(Object obj) {
      if (obj == null) return false;
      if (!this.getClass().equals(obj.getClass())) return false;

      Certificate obj2 = (Certificate)obj;
      if((this.id == obj2.getId()) && (this.name.equals(obj2.getName())))
      {
         return true;
      }
      return false;
   }
   public int hashCode() {
      int tmp = 0;
      tmp = ( id + name ).hashCode();
      return tmp;
   }
}

定義Hibernate映射文件:

讓我們指示Hibernate如何定義的類映射到數據庫表的映射文件。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC 
 "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
 "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 

<hibernate-mapping>
   <class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
      <meta attribute="class-description">
         This class contains the employee detail. 
      </meta>
      <id name="id" type="int" column="id">
         <generator class="native"/>
      </id>
      <set name="certificates" cascade="all">
         <key column="employee_id"/>
         <one-to-many class="Certificate"/>
      </set>
      <property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
   </class>

   <class name="Certificate" table="CERTIFICATE">
      <meta attribute="class-description">
         This class contains the certificate records. 
      </meta>
      <id name="id" type="int" column="id">
         <generator class="native"/>
      </id>
      <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/>
   </class>

</hibernate-mapping>

應該保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。我們保存映射文件中的文件Employee.hbm.xml。你已經熟悉了大部分的映射細節,但讓我們再次看看映射文件中的所有元素:

  • 映射文檔是具有<hibernate-mapping>為對應於每一個類包含2個<class>元素的根元素的XML文檔。

  • <class>元素被用於定義數據庫表從一個Java類特定的映射。 Java類名指定使用class元素的name屬性和使用表屬性數據庫表名指定。

  • <meta>元素是可選元素,可以用來創建類的描述。

  • <id>元素映射在類中的唯一ID屬性到數據庫表的主鍵。 id元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數據庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉換為SQL數據類型。

  • id元素內的<generator>元素被用來自動生成的主鍵值。將生成元素的class屬性設置為原生讓Hibernate拾取identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法來創建主鍵根據底層數據庫的支持能力。

  • <property>元素用於一個Java類的屬性映射到數據庫表中的列。元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數據庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉換為SQL數據類型。

  • <set>元素設置證書和Employee類之間的關係。我們使用cascade屬性中<set>元素來告訴Hibernate來保存證書的對象,同時為Employee對象。 name屬性被設置為在父類中定義的變量集,在我們的例子是證書。對於每一組變量,我們需要定義在映射文件中單獨的一組元素。

  • <key>元素是包含外鍵的父對象,即在證書表中的列。表EMPLOYEE。

  • <one-to-many>元素表示一個Employee對象涉及到很多證書的對象。

創建應用程序類:

最後,我們將創建應用程序類的main()方法來運行應用程序。我們將使用這個應用程序,以節省一些員工連同記錄證書,然後我們將應用上CRUD操作記錄。

import java.util.*;
 
import org.hibernate.HibernateException; 
import org.hibernate.Session; 
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;

public class ManageEmployee {
   private static SessionFactory factory; 
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      try{
         factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
      }catch (Throwable ex) { 
         System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
         throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); 
      }
      ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
      /* Let us have a set of certificates for the first employee  */
      HashSet set1 = new HashSet();
      set1.add(new Certificate("MCA"));
      set1.add(new Certificate("MBA"));
      set1.add(new Certificate("PMP"));
     
      /* Add employee records in the database */
      Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, set1);

      /* Another set of certificates for the second employee  */
      HashSet set2 = new HashSet();
      set2.add(new Certificate("BCA"));
      set2.add(new Certificate("BA"));

      /* Add another employee record in the database */
      Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, set2);

      /* List down all the employees */
      ME.listEmployees();

      /* Update employee's salary records */
      ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);

      /* Delete an employee from the database */
      ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);

      /* List down all the employees */
      ME.listEmployees();

   }

   /* Method to add an employee record in the database */
   public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, 
                                            int salary, Set cert){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      Integer employeeID = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary);
         employee.setCertificates(cert);
         employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee); 
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
      return employeeID;
   }

   /* Method to list all the employees detail */
   public void listEmployees( ){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list(); 
         for (Iterator iterator1 = 
                           employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasNext();){
            Employee employee = (Employee) iterator1.next(); 
            System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName()); 
            System.out.print("  Last Name: " + employee.getLastName()); 
            System.out.println("  Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
            Set certificates = employee.getCertificates();
            for (Iterator iterator2 = 
                         certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasNext();){
                  Certificate certName = (Certificate) iterator2.next(); 
                  System.out.println("Certificate: " + certName.getName()); 
            }
         }
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
   /* Method to update salary for an employee */
   public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = 
                    (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); 
         employee.setSalary( salary );
         session.update(employee);
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
   /* Method to delete an employee from the records */
   public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = 
                   (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); 
         session.delete(employee); 
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
}

編譯和執行:

下麵是步驟來編譯並運行上述應用程序。請確保您已在進行的編譯和執行之前,適當地設置PATH和CLASSPATH。

  • 創建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件。

  • 創建Employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上圖所示。

  • 創建Employee.java源文件,如上圖所示,並編譯它。

  • 創建Certificate.java源文件,如上圖所示,並編譯它。

  • 創建ManageEmployee.java源文件,如上圖所示,並編譯它。

  • 執行ManageEmployee二進製文件來運行程序。

在屏幕上獲得以下結果,並同時記錄會在員工和證書表被創建。

$java ManageEmployee
.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........

First Name: Manoj  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 4000
Certificate: MBA
Certificate: PMP
Certificate: MCA
First Name: Dilip  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 3000
Certificate: BCA
Certificate: BA
First Name: Manoj  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 5000
Certificate: MBA
Certificate: PMP
Certificate: MCA

如果檢查員工和證書表,就應該記錄下了:

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+
| id | first_name | last_name | salary |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+
| 1  | Manoj      | Kumar     |   5000 |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from certificate;
+----+------------------+-------------+
| id | certificate_name | employee_id |
+----+------------------+-------------+
| 1  | MBA              |          1  |
| 2  | PMP              |          1  |
| 3  | MCA              |          1  |
+----+------------------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>